Relative to 'glass rods and traditional manufacturing and building norms, the question would be better thought of as identifying the circumstances/configurations for which only one stripping-type guide would be used.
It used to be common--and at the same time when most fly rods were for lineweights 6, maybe 5, and up, and from the era before that when bamboo and the first fiberglass rods prevailed, that two stripping/casting/fighting/gathering guides were commonly fit. I think the reason is as simple as Kalgrm's term "fighting guides." Who knew, especially the manufacturer, what varied uses in a time of far less specialization of rod types, what use the rod would be put to: trolling for lake trout with rigs that themselves put more stress on the rod and guides than would be put on the same rod catching flippy-flop brook trout--and the same rod might very well be used for that purpose. Maybe some big Largemouth bass, explosive smallmouths, Atlantic salmon, west coast steelhead, and so on--not all by the same owner user, but in all the different markets where the rod might be sold and used.
In other words, a wider heavy to light duty range could be anticipated, so the "fighting" strength of two stripping guides was desirable.
So at one time, the default for a builder would have been two, and a choice would be made if only one would suffice. I have a favorite Fisher, built 30 some years ago with two stripping guides. I thought nothing of it at the time I built it, but eventually eyeballed that second one and wondered what good it was. I wondered why not replace that one (it did not need repair) with a snake guide. I never bothered since the rod, like several others I've built in that usual way, did exactly what I wanted of it.
Then one day I got into a spree of fall run browns five pounds and up and decided this failsafe configuration would stay as is.
On a little 4 weight, especially 'glass, two couldn't hurt, but I'd only use one, knowing I would not use the rod where outsize fish were expected. Agates as one stripping guide type are less critical as far as one or two. They are too dainty for my taste so I wouldn't use them regardless of the number of stripping/"fighting" guides going on the rod.
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